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Monday, August 24, 2020
The Role of Engineer in Nation Building Essay Example for Free
The Role of Engineer in Nation Building Essay For what reason should an advantaged individual assistance an oppressed individual? As the definition recommends that the favored individual is somebody who is having the exceptional rights, points of interest or resistances or having the uncommon chance to accomplish something that brings specific delight. Then again the unprivileged individual is somebody who isn't getting a charge out of a similar way of life or rights as most of the individuals in the general public. So in a financial perspective the nearness of both the class can't be overlooked however with appropriate proportion. A general public canââ¬â¢t just have one of the two to improve or probably we can say the wheel of the general public canââ¬â¢t be moved openly without the nearness of the two obviously there ought to be an appropriate harmony between these two. The law of the nature says that the stream streams from the start to finish in like manner the advantaged individual should come and hold the hand of the oppressed individual to move the general public in an appropriate pace. Presently itââ¬â¢s an opportunity to think about the human qualities and ethical quality of a person in the event that he/she is skilled with certain focal points or right then itââ¬â¢s the obligation of them to come and help the individuals who are denied of. Then again the oppressed individual ought to be appreciative and have feeling of appreciation for the individual whom he/she is thankful in any sense be it cash, qualities or mysticism. Indeed, even Mahatma Gandhi told this in another viewpoint, for example, I need to compose numerous new things yet they all must be composed on Indian state. I would happily obtain from the west when I can restore the sum with not too bad intrigue. So obtaining things from others isn't a wrongdoing yet one ought not disregard to come back with something more noteworthy to the individual whom he/she is appreciative to. This is a pattern of human progress and one canââ¬â¢t break the chain. The general public is blended in with individuals and societies, one ought to know about the way that everyone is similarly significant and they should help each other to shape a warm and solid environment to live for the following ages to come. Indeed, even the Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen in his book The Idea of Justice (2009) clarified that perfect popular government requests to take from the rich and use genuinely and astutely for the individuals. Besides, Sen takes note of that in starvations just a little extent of the populace is affectedââ¬much under 10%. Political weight from this gathering alone would not be sufficient to constrain a majority rule government to react. It is the weight from the non-enduring citizenry that has the effect. Yet, in the event that administration authorities in popular governments donââ¬â¢t care about the destitute except if they are undermined with lost force, for what reason do individuals from the populace who are not starving consideration about the destitute? It appears that if sympathy or solidarity moves non-starving residents to advocate for starvation casualties, it would move government authorities to react to the starvation. Indeed, even Bentham and Mill clarified that west majority rule government imparts a thought for the best great of the biggest number. M.K.Gandhi denies the guideline and said that it ought to be most prominent useful for all. So on a nutshell we can reason that for keeping up a genuine vote based system it is the need of an hour to help unprivileged individuals for the best great of the human advancement.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Being Cheyenne
Waking in obscurity, the sun not yet lighting the where the land meets the sky, I fabricate the fire and start my work for the afternoon. I step in line adjacent to my sister in law as we walk the way down to the stream to start gathering water for the afternoon. Every day since we have come here the earth along the way has become smoother, pummeled by the reiteration of our feet as we ladies come day by day to draw from the water source.When we again proceed onward to follow the crowds as the season changes, the smooth spread will be deserted to be gulped again ordinarily. It has been our way for a little league however has consistently had a place with nature, who will recover it once we are no more. Despite the fact that every day we walk together, the early morning stroll to the stream is to a great extent quiet as we each think about the day by day errands ahead. At the beginning of today, I immediately run over my assignments for the afternoon, permitting additional opportunity to help set up the wild ox if the chase is successful.A fruitful chase implies more work today yet true serenity also since I realize we won't do without. Until further notice however, my assignment is basic â⬠to accumulate the water as I do each morning. The primary thing I do today, as I happen upon the stream is to step out of the ragged sandals that will encase my feet for the remainder of the day and let the cool water surge between my toes. It is here that I watch the sun start to shading the sky, changing from dim to day.Between the water required for cooking and cleaning, there will be a few excursions early today to the stream. On the third excursion to the stream, I hear the sprinkling of the young men washing and playing at being warriors and start to hustle. My sister-in-law is no longer close by yet back alongside her own fire, setting up the morning supper. I hustle up the way seeing that the camp is presently completely conscious, as my two young men surge past, anxious for a full midsection before going to keep an eye on the ponies.
Saturday, July 18, 2020
10 Things Not to Do if You or a Loved One is Bipolar
10 Things Not to Do if You or a Loved One is Bipolar February 13, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Peter Dazeley/Getty Images From dealing with doctors and medication to relationships here are 10 things you shouldnt do or fail to do if bipolar is part of your life. 1. Patients: Dont Hide Symptoms from Your Doctor Did you know that it takes an average of nine to 10 years for people to be properly diagnosed with bipolar disorder? There are two big reasons for this. One is that ?doctors miss the diagnosis all too frequently, even when hypomanic symptoms are brought to their attention. The other is ?the failure of patients to report symptoms. More often than not, it is depression symptoms that send people to see a psychiatrist or other therapist. You may have viewed past hypomanic symptoms as just not depressed, feeling like a normal person or feeling good. If you respond to antidepressant therapy, you may think, Wow, its working and not recognize that youve gone into a hypomanic state (the severity of mania makes it much more likely to be recognized). But if you dont relate your behaviors to your doctor when youre feeling good, he or she may not realize youve gone too far in the opposite direction from depression until the symptoms escalate into serious problems. 2. Patients: Dont Let Your Doctor Skip Physical Tests There are physical illnesses whose symptoms can overlap with those of bipolar disorder and complicate its diagnosis. They include lupus, epilepsy, and Lyme disease, among others. 3. Patients: Dont Stop Taking Your Medications on Your Own Unless youre having a severe side effect, you should never discontinue medications without your doctors supervision. Abruptly stopping some medications can cause serious side effects, too. For example, the reaction many people experience when they discontinue certain antidepressants is so unpleasant it even has a name: SSRI discontinuation syndrome. If you want to stop taking one or more of your medications, talk to your doctor first. 4. Patients: Dont Keep Toxic People in Your Life You know who they areâ"the people who hurt your feelings constantly, the ones who drain your energy, the ones who attack you again and again. Depending on the relationship, it can be relatively easy to very difficult to actually remove a toxic person from your life. But its essential that you do something about it. 5. Patients: Stop Damaging Your Body There are some dangers inherent in bipolar disorder that make it more likely youll do harmful things to yourself or be intimidated into letting medical personnel give you inadequate or even improper treatment. Its up to you to take action about these issues. Understand why they happen and what you need to do, with insights from others to help you. 6. Patients: Dont Meddle with Your Medications Suppose youve been prescribed 150 milligrams of medication X, 30 milligrams of medication Y and 50 to 75 milligrams of medication Z per day. That means your doctor has given you permission to take from two to three 25-milligram tablets of drug Z in a day depending on your judgment. But you dont think thats enough, so you start taking 100 milligrams of drug Z or 60 milligrams of drug Y. Almost immediately you start having side effects, have a mood change or another problem occurs. Think thats far-fetched? Think again. 7. Parents: Dont Refuse to Think About Giving Your Bipolar Child Medications Its understandable that a parent may be uneasy about giving a bipolar child the types of strong medications that are needed to guide that child toward stability. Certainly, there are risks involved with these drugs, as there are with all prescription drugs. But remember that your child is suffering, and there are few other options to help him or her. 8. Parents: Dont Miss Out on Opportunities to Help Your Child at School Children with bipolar disorder often need special assistance at school. They can have trouble focusing, have anger issues and be easily tormented by other children. Also, its quite common for a bipolar child to have co-morbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to take medications at school. You need to know your childs rights and implement the available programs. 9. Loved Ones and Friends: Dont Challenge the Diagnosis or Dismiss the Treatment People with bipolar disorder often have friends or family members that refuse to accept their diagnosis or refuse to learn anything about bipolar illness. Common responses include: Oh, youre just trying to get attention; Snap out of it, get a job and quit whining; If you only (prayed more, tried harder, ate more vegetables, etc.) youd be fine; or simply, I dont believe it, ending the conversation. Bipolar disorder is a serious illness that can disrupt every phase of life and even cause death. It can be disabling. Dont refuse to listen and learn. 10. Family Members: Dont Destroy Yourself for a Loved Ones Bipolar Disorder This is an exceedingly difficult issue. When do your needs outweigh the needs of your bipolar spouse, parent or grown child? Only you can decide, but if the time comes when you need to make the decision, do whatever is necessary to take the best care of yourself.
Thursday, May 21, 2020
Large Salaries of Pro Athletes Negative Effects on...
Large Salaries of Pro Athletes Negative Effects On Athletes and Sports Abstract This paper will explain the effects of the luxury contracts of athletes on sports as well as the athlete. The debate is whether the effect is a negative effect or not. This paper will aim to show how the contracts of athletes have changed significantly over time. It will also show how the pro athlete affect the sport of college in different aspects and if that helps or hurt the college athletics or influences it in a way to help the athletes. Then we will focus on how the salaries affect the players themselves. We take a look at todayââ¬â¢s professional athlete and wonder what it be like to live like that. Even though the professional athlete is few inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(Underwood, 2009) Let us take a look at some of the current athletes in the respective major sports and go into depth of the premium paydays in the NBA, NFL, and MLB. ââ¬Å"The three names will focus on will be Kobe Bryant (61.9), Drew Brees (51m), and Alex Rodriquez (30.3m)â⬠.(Badenhausen, 2013) Kobe Bryant recently signed a two-year contract with the NBA franchise LA Lakers which for the third straight year will make him the leagueââ¬â¢s highest paid salary athlete at 30 million a year for the next two years, with the next player making 7 million dollars less than him, which is the most popular league player in LeBron James. Quarterback Drew Brees with his multi-year extension deal with the Saints makes him the NFLââ¬â¢s high man just edging his counterpart quarterback Aaron Rodgers by just a ha lf million dollars in perspective. These leagues consist of salary capped multi-year player option and team-option contracts unlike the MLB. The MLB is different in many ways as they able to offer multi-year contracts and no salary cap in which the 10 year contract of Alex Rodriquez worth 30 million dollars per year has him tops in the league. This factor puts into perspective the difference in how the professions pay charts differ from no salary cap in the MLB to guaranteed money caps for the NBA and NFL alike. To understand the impact of such contracts, we focus on the collegiate athlete. To go toShow MoreRelatedCollege Athletes Have A Dream Of Becoming A Professional Athlete1486 Words à |à 6 PagesMany college athletes have a dream of becoming a professional athlete. In most countries, especially in Europe, athletes are club players who move from amateur to professional status at a young age. 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The fans have grown accustomed to high flying, hard hitting shows of athleticism and finesse, and oftentimes an athletes success gains them a elevatedRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1972 Words à |à 8 PagesStudent Athletes Every year, college athletes put their bodies on the line to play the game. Many viewers tune in every weekend to see their favorite team or player play. Athletes have gone bankrupt or owed student loans because they could not earn money while in school. Practices are a mandatory they have to attend and with the strict schedule they cannot look for a job. Student scholarships can only cover so much for expenses and most of the time it is not enough to carry them throughout schoolRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1842 Words à |à 8 Pages the issue of whether college athletes are employees or not has been recurring in college athletics. It has specifically begun at Northwestern University, where Division I football players demanded to be recognized as university employees. They claimed that because of the overload of hours they devote to football and the fact that they receive athletic-based scholarships; they should be recognized as employees. They also pointed out that the y are primarily athletes, not students, because footballRead MoreThe Success Of A Professional Athlete2086 Words à |à 9 Pagescontract. So what the kids are being told is, that it is money in the sports they are playing, and that is what they are seeing everyday on the television. The kids want to be them celebrities in sports that make all them millions of dollars right out of high school or after one or two years in college. High school kids that is in poverty, develop their own version of the ââ¬Å"American Dreamâ⬠, where they make it big as a professional, and never have to worry about money again. But the problem with itRead MoreEssay Steroids in Sports Today1998 Words à |à 8 PagesSteroids in Sports Today à à à à à The United State is a country that thrives on competition. We idolize our sports stars and practically make major athletic events holidays. Children grow up with their favorite athletes plastered to the wall of their bedrooms and dream that one day they will be the next Barry Bonds, Shaqullie ONeal, or Tom Brady. Professional athletes train year-round to be in ideal psychical shape in order to perform their best. But what happens when their best just isnt goodRead MoreThe Impact of Sports on American Society Essay3785 Words à |à 16 Pageskinds of sports.à These sports often govern societys way of life.à People all over the nation turn their TVs to sporting events, such as golf, during the weekends.à à Scott Stossel states that more than six million Americans enjoy watching golf on the weekends.à Parentsà use sports as a teaching tool for their children.à Kids learn teamwork and discipline from team sports programs andà sports have also helped many students with their grades.à Kids who want to compete in school sports are taughtRead MoreThe History of Soccer in Brazil Essay3103 Words à |à 13 Pagestitles, and three FIFA Confederations Cup titles have created a football giant. How did a country on the periphery like Brazil become so dominant? What were the patterns of continuity and change that created this footballing leviathan? How did this sport transcend individual cultures and cultural regions? What were the significant social, political, and economic ramifications for all of the people involved? Brazilââ¬â¢s dominance in football is an indirect result of the cross-cultural interactions thatRead MoreCollege Athletes Financial Compensation4427 Words à |à 18 PagesNational Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) panel, to include its president Mr. Mark Emmert to modify the current NCAA amateurism by law 12.02.1 making it feasible for college athletes to receive financial compensation. The pr imary issue with the current regulation is that because of the rule many student athletes are living in poverty like conditions. The current by law is also affecting various aspects of domestic and International students ability to continue to meet eligibility requirementsRead MoreMinding the Business of College Athletic Programs7955 Words à |à 32 PagesNews Introduction Be a sport, young people are admonished. Play fair. Play by the rules. Everywhere in the developed world, sports are raised high up on social pedestals as redeeming activities that characterize the best of the human spirit, fair competition, and physical achievement. Society welcomes athleticism due largely to anticipation of the wholesome and upstanding values with which it is associated. Character is said to be built through participation in sports. While certainly there
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Failure And Success Of Project - 962 Words
Introduction: There are many literatures on how to make a project success but they are unclear because there is no specific cause or reason to become project unsuccessful. This position paper explores the reasons of failures and success in the projects. Now a dayââ¬â¢s major projects are increasingly becoming critical to manage because of the nature of projects of multiple stakeholders, conflicts of thoughts and delays. From the studies of different authors 13 crucial things are documented for the success of project and 5 crucial things for the failure of the project. Steps for success of project 1. Clearly defines goals: This includes general philosophy and General goal of the project and also agreement of team mates to these goals. The mainâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It is necessary to allocate the resources properly for the success of the project. 6. Adequate communication channels: necessary information should be available on the Organizational Coordination, customer and client needs, project goals, status, changes it improvements etc. 7. Control mechanisms: It is necessary to take some steps to run the project as coordinated at the time of the initial schedule of the plan. 8. Feedback capabilities: all teams that are related to this project must be able to provide project reviews, suggestions, feedback and corrections through normal feedback communication channels or through peer review meetings. 9. Responsiveness to client: all the users related to project must provide regular status about the project updates. In future clients will receive the assistance after the project got executed successfully. 10. Client consultation: The members in the project will solicited all the inputs to the potential clients who are the part of the project (Wit, 1998). The team members associated in the project will identify the needs of those who utilize the system. 11. Technical tasks: The technologies that are currently developing the design, the implementation, and the approach must be reviewed by the project leaders that are outside of the project. This gives the clear indication of project flow. 12. Client acceptance: potential clients must be contacted to demonstrate the usefulness of the project. Also make necessary preparations
Bell Hooks Biography Free Essays
Bell Hooks take on booty:By:Course:Professor:Date: Question 1 Bell Hooks is an acclaimed intellectual who is known for her insight and tough analysis on the black culture. In her life she has earned many titles; the contemporary feminist, cultural critic, social activist, cultural critic, artist, writer and most outstandingly pussy to booty analyst. This an alias she earned from her popular book whoââ¬â¢s pussy is this? She was born in a small segregated black community in Hopkinsville town in Kentucky in 25th September 1958. We will write a custom essay sample on Bell Hooks Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now The economic and social settings were not one she could boast about as the community it was poverty ridden and the source of income was just by working for low pay at construction sites or other low paying joints. Born by Veodis Watkins and Rosa Bell Watkins, Her real name is Gloria Jean Watkins but she chose the name Bell Hooks as a tribute to her grandmother and great grandmother. She earned a scholarship to Stanford University where she did her BA, later she went for masters at University of Wisconsin in Madison and finally University of California for her PhD. In 2014 she launched the bell hooks institute at Berea College situated in Berea, Kentucky. Question 2 Apart from giving her views in her books and popular website, she does her critic and gives further insights on black stories and popular cultures in television shows, newspaper columns and lecture talks with students in universities across the country. She has written over 30 books and the most popular titles are; Aint I a woman written in 1981, this books dissects the black culture and pays critical attention to the black woman. It studies what she does and gives theories to the reasons behind her action. Her theories are believed to hold water and make a lot sense as she gives explicit examples from the Kentucky community she grew in. In 1984 she wrote feminist theory which seemed like a sequel to her previous book. Here she gave more insights and explained how the black woman is marketing herself as an effort to level her reputation with white women by advertising herself in a different way; showcasing her booty. All about love was another best selling title written in the 2000, its subtitle was; new vision. Many young blacks have a liking for it as it holds connection to their daily love life; the book explains the theory of why teenagers think of falling in love at a tender age. It is an analogy of the teenagers having a feeling that their parents or the society doesnââ¬â¢t give them enough love and attention and they tend to supplement the love with romantic affairs. In 2004 she wrote We real cool explained the black manââ¬â¢s culture and perception of masculinity. Her latest piece that has readerââ¬â¢s attention is whose pussy is this; it is trending as it explains the culture and general perception of booty. Question 3 The bottom line of all her books and lectures is to educate the audience that not all they and perceive about the booty is true. Before the audience; which is mostly the youth make a decision to widen her hips or enlarge her booty she should first have a critical analysis and the implications. Her view is that black female choice to resort to booty enhancement was out of desperation to be noticed and somewhat respected like the white females; that was at the end of racism period in the 1980. She believes that youths are attached to it as they see it to represent the new pop culture, one where the booty is perceived as a sexual liberator. This claims that is backed up by media evidence as females that have big booty are mostly if not the ones that always appear on television commercials and Hooks sees is deception. The central focus in females has shifted from the vagina to her booty as its visibility is a marketing advantage. Hooks is particularly saddened by the booty highlight on kidsââ¬â¢ clothes as it will make them grow in the deceptive theory that the only way to get noticed is by highlighting the attention on the booty, she says itââ¬â¢s a destructive direction we are pointing the children to. Question 4 I totally agree with her theories because the booty has moved from a liberator of sexuality to portraying the egoistic nature of a woman. It is very deceptive as women with big booty think that they have a natural advantage over other women, they believe that they can dictate the male that can posses the booty according to the males financial status. This trend also increases the HIV transmission rate youths as they engage in anal sex under the misconception that anal sex does not transmit HIV. REFERENCESA discussion video of Bell Hooks panel answering to students questionshttps://youtu.be/QJZ4x04CI8c How to cite Bell Hooks Biography, Papers
Sunday, April 26, 2020
The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essay Example
The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Middle English (ME) was the dominant and traditional spoken language form in many parts of England during the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages are so called as the middle period between the decline of the Roman Empire and prior to the period called the Renaissance. Brief History of the Middle English The Norman Conquest The period of Middle English begins with the Norman invasion of 1066 CE. The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history and all subsequent developments in the English monarchy, government, society, language and outlook are coloured by it. King Edward the Confessor had died without heirs, and William, Duke of Normandy, believed that he would become the next king. However, upon learning that Harold was crowned king, William invaded England, killed Harold and crowned himself king during the famous Battle of Hastings. Yet William spoke only French. As a result, the upper class in England began to speak French while the lower classes spoke English. French became the language of law, administration, literature and government. English was banned from all polite and official usage, and practically ceased to be a written language. The Rise of English in England But by 1250 CE, French began to lose its prestige. King John had lost Normandy to the French in 1204 CE, and after him, King Edward I spoke only English. At this time, many foreigners entered England which made the nobility feel more English and so encouraged more use of the English language. The upper class tried to learn English, but they did still use French words sometimes, which was considered somewhat snobbish. French still maintained its prestige elsewhere, and the upper class did not want to lose it completely. We will write a custom essay sample on The Middle English Period (1100-1500) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Middle English Period (1100-1500) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Middle English Period (1100-1500) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Black Death also played a role in increasing English use with the emergence of the middle class. Several of the workers had been killed by the plague, which increased the status of the peasants, who only spoke English. By 1362 CE, the Statute of Pleading (although written in French) declared English as the official spoken language of the courts. By 1385 CE, English was the language of instruction in schools. Although the popularity of French was decreasing, several words (around 10,000) were borrowed into English between 1250 and 1500 CE. Many of the words were related to government, law ,social life fashion and learning . So, English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer. The changes that occurred during this period may be noted in every aspect of the language : in its sounds, in the meanings of its words and in the nature of word stock, where many Old English words were replaced by French ones( like cafe and chef). Also, many of the grammatical distinctions of the Old English period disappeared. Medieval Culture The Middle Ages saw the emergence of great changes in English culture. The violent times of the Dark Ages had led to a primitive society lacking in elegance or refinement . The Middle Ages saw society changing due to the influence from various foreign cultures . The Characteristics of the Medieval Culture The society was organized as a pyramid of sorts. The nobles were at the top, with a great many peasants at the bottom. Peasants worked on the land and lived in rough huts, which they often shared with their animals. They slept on straw mattresses on the floor. In the middle were the scientists, merchants, craftsmen. Attitudes towards women changed. Now, women were treated with respect. But, women were seen as helpless, beautiful, and pure . In Europe during the Middle Ages the only recognized religion was Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion. The lives of the Medieval people of the Middle Ages was dominated by the church. The Normans were tremendous builders of castles built much of what we now see as the surviving medieval look of England. The Linguistic Features of the ME Middle English spelling Consonants Most of the Old English consonant sounds remained unchanged in Middle English. Important spelling differences occur, however, most of them due to Anglo-Norman influence Some of the apparent innovations in middle English spelling were ,in fact, a return to earlier conventions. For example the diagraph th that had been used in some of the earliest English text but was replaced in later Old English by writing by ? and ? ; during the Middle English period ,th was gradually reintroduced again . Similarly, uu ,used for [w] in early manuscripts was brought back to England by Noman scribes in a ligatured form as w. The consonantal sound [v] did not occur initially in Old English . All Middle English words with initial v have been taken from Latin or French such as very, voice (French) ,vocal, vulgar (Latin). Ch was used in Middle English under French influence, to indicate the initial sound of child ,which in Old English had been spilled simply with c as in cild. The Old English hw (as in hw? t) was replaced by the Middle English wh (as in what) . The Old English cw (as in cwen ) was replaced by the Middle English qu (queen). French language was responsible for the Middle English spelling qu. The old English cg (ecg edge) was replaced by French gg in Middle English as egge edge. Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Vowels To indicate vowel length ,Middle English writing frequently employed double letters( e. g ee or oo). Final unstressed e following a single consonant also indicated vowel length in Middle English, as in fode (food) and fede (to feed). Short u in Old English was written o during the latter part of Middle English period if m,n,u were contiguous . The Middle English writings sone (son) and sonne (sun), thus indicate the same vowel sound [U] in old English respectively sunu and sunne. O for u servives in a number of Modern English words as son, come (OE cuman) and love (OE lufu). The French spelling ou was used to represent Old English long u(and sometimes short) as hous(OE hu? s) . In older inscriptions, documents, works and texts (nearer to Old English), you may find vowels with a macron (a bar) written above (like name). The macron simply tells you that the vowel is long, and follows the pronunciation guides above for long vowels. Also, any vowel written double (aa, ee, oo, uu) is long Middle English Pronunciation Middle English Consonants Most consonant sounds act like English. Since consonants in most words are nearly identical to their Modern English counterparts, lets focus on the differences. ?By default, the letters /th/ and /f/ are voiceless like in thing and fish. They are only voiced (like this and of) between two vowels: ferne, fowles, forward, oft VS. yfe, ofer, efer that, thoghte, thonder VS. bathen, sothe, fother ?The combination /wh/ represents the sound of h + w (like h) pronounced just before the start of the Modern English version of the word): whanne, what, who ? The letter /s/ sounds like seem, unless its between two vowels, then its like please:seyde, sothe VS. cosin. ?The sound of /r/ is typically trilled, like Spanish r :rood, ferne ? Initial stops in clusters gn- and kn- still pronounced: ME gnat, gnawen, knowen, knave ? Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Many words were borrowed from Old French (and much less frequently from Latin) beginning with[v] (for instance ,veal ,virtue ,visit) and later with [z]( for instance,zeal,zodiac). Middle English Vowels ?Long /a/ sounds like a lengthened version of father (pronounced for a slightly longer time). Short /a/ sounds more like pat:name (or naame) VS. bak ? Long /e/ sometimes sounds like the /e/ of they and other times like the /e/ of let (both sounds held out for a longer time). Short /e/ sounds like let:sweete, breeth, mete VS. tendre ? Long /i/ or /y/ sounds like seem, while short /i/ or /y/ sounds like sit or seem pronounced for a shorter amount of time: my, ire VS. ynogh ? Long /o/ sometimes sounds like boo and other times like British rock (both for a slightly longer time). Short /o/ always sounds like the /o/ in British rock: good, wo VS. oft, holt ? Long /u/ sounds like cue, while short /u/ sounds like full:nature VS. unstraunge ? The final e on many words may be sounded if it helps the meter of an individual line. ?E. g. , When that Aprille with his shoures sote The droughte of Marche hath perced to the rote
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